tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10083224182725466322024-03-04T22:06:00.919-08:00Beyond CogenerationThermodynamic cycles are as efficient as they could be. When we use a Combustion Engine's exhaust gases to power an ABSORPTION HEAT PUMP we harvest energy from the "environment" to bring this into the system to do more work there! <br><i><b>The resulting NEW system does MORE WORK than what is available just from the fuel ALONE!</b></i><br><img src="http://www.thcalasanz.com/thcalasanz/tristan-cogen.jpg" height="30" width="120">Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1008322418272546632.post-73078709133459304952013-02-14T17:32:00.000-08:002014-10-28T12:17:18.488-07:00An Overall Systems View! - not just one efficient system at a time<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXItmmeGvD3eCITkgjfhG7ScG7Ull9SWZiUBZbbGctmsCFH26bE5Zx9RujBGzQQad7WNctabqspUz_ejEmTxXz_sVvQ3rwE9OmPENGwASOt8tLvo8Lz4oErOF3ioulP7SeFyLoppbBtkN/s1600/beyondcogeneration.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXItmmeGvD3eCITkgjfhG7ScG7Ull9SWZiUBZbbGctmsCFH26bE5Zx9RujBGzQQad7WNctabqspUz_ejEmTxXz_sVvQ3rwE9OmPENGwASOt8tLvo8Lz4oErOF3ioulP7SeFyLoppbBtkN/s1600/beyondcogeneration.png" height="240" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">BEYOND Cogeneration and Trigeneration</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-- <a href="http://thcal.blogspot.com/2014/06/beyond-cogeneration-and-trigeneration.html">A brief description</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">-- </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a_kc2xN2Zc" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">A YouTube video</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">-- <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnWpM0j5-6RZ3ll77d96RWCj2eiEQWGanirBwEMbtS2TSPT4QWhdRBr63XaKlRuT10763bXSTZBVlk8o9scfO_tfR0GUEq4Xbs0zHu3Pd_2BkkyZe0Fdlm56jeVlcfRLnl1FkQKxcjn6p1/s1600/batangas_cogen.png">A US$65-mi, 65-mW(electric), 50-mW(thermal) cogeneration facility that I led, from its conception to its bidding in 1999</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">When I went to engineering school, Mr Mendoza, who was our Mechanical Engineering Dean, always gave us assignments that would force us to look at design jobs in "perspective."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There is no way I could forget one design assignment he gave us in 1955: "Design a compressed air plant on top of a mountain. You have three weeks to submit a complete engineering design, complete with feasibility studies, bill of materials, labor, costs, schedules, etc." That was all!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We had to make assumptions, such as, the end-user for the compressed air produced by my plant, our own electric power plant, the details of the road we would build, the number and kind of earth-moving equipment we would rent, etc. We also had to calculate the economics of the whole investment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">In the area of energy, for example, we have terms like enthalpy, and "specific enthalpy". We know specific enthalpy is the energy content of a pound of air, or water, or steam, etc. Thus, steam at the exit of a superheater is at a very high enthalpy. After the steam does work in a turbine, it exits at a lower enthalpy. It gave up some of its enthalpy doing work in a steam turbine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">Here is where the Engineering Practice needs updating. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">Steam that has done work is still at a high enthalpy. We engineers remove the remaining energy that the steam carries and then discharge it into the environment as WASTE! This is what the cycle calls for.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">How much is this waste. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">The US Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration DOE/EIA at <a href="http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/tables/pdf/2tab.pdf">http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/tables/pdf/2tab.pdf</a>, says that the heating value of No. 6 Fuel Oil is 152,400 BTU/gallon and its estimated price for the year 2013 is 237 cents/gallon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">For the sake of simplicity, let us go to the example at Thermodynamic Analyses of Power Plants</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, by Rajaratnam Shanthini</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><a href="http://www.rshanthini.com/tmp/ThermoBook/ThermoChap12.pdf">http://www.rshanthini.com/tmp/ThermoBook/ThermoChap12.pdf</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">After making calculations, resulting in a 39.5% efficiency, the author concludes, on page 294, that: ". . . <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">for each MW of electric power generation there is at least about 1.5 MW of power is wasted" to the condenser. Let us relate this to the costing of DOE/EIA. If 39.5% of 237 cents/gallon is converted into electricity (0.395*237=93.6 cents), then the amount of energy rejected by the condenser is (93.6*1.5=140.4 cents). This amounts to (140.4/237=59%). For easy recall, I suggest just remembering that more than half of the energy of the fuel is wasted into the environment, through the condenser.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Now, why should the heat be rejected from the condenser, in the first place?</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">The cycle requires that the steam be condensed back into water so that it could be recycled back to the boiler to generate a continuous flow of steam. This can happen only if the heat content of the steam is removed. Way back in Physics, we said that we are removing the latent heat of condensation.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Of course, you really do not have to condense the steam back into water if you have an abundant supply of high quality, mineral-free water. But you will not realize the vacuum that is developed at the condenser. And your efficiency is severely affected adversely.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">LET US USE A FRACTION OF THIS ENERGY TO DO MORE WORK FOR US. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial;">Some send the steam to heat exchangers that send hot water to provide space heating for buildings.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;">In addition, some send the steam to provide heating to a manufacturing process.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial;">Many engineers, these days, use the heat from the steam to "heat pumps." </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">The magic is in the use of heat pumps. We use the WASTE HEAT of the steam as the input energy for heat pumps. The heat pumps gather energy from the environment and bring it to a higher energy level. The air-conditioner is one example of a heat pump removing energy from the room to make it cooler, and releasing the heat to the environment at its exhaust. You will notice that the air coming out of the air-conditioner is warm. Another example is the household refrigerator. There are many more applications of heat pumps in industry and commerce, but the majority of them use electricity. And electricity COSTS MONEY!<br />
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The application of the heat pump that I am talking about uses the WASTE ENERGY as an input to heat pumps. This energy is FREE! All you need to do is put up the investment to recover this energy, and for the heat pumps, and, there you have it!<br />
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Wait a minute, you might say. We are paying for the investment. Yes, the investment costs money, but this cost has a PAYBACK, or an Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In time, it pays for itself, and everything from then on is "gravy", not like electricity that is simply an entry in the expense stream of the profit-and-loss statement.<br />
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I want to repeat what the author Rajaratnam Shanthini said <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';"> ". . . </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">for each MW of electric power generation there is at least about 1.5 MW of power is wasted" to the condenser</span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">I spearheaded a project and led a the team that developed a project to use this WASTE energy to drive a system of heat pumps. I have described the concepts that apply, in the succeeding sections.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">NOTE: I am still working on this blog. I will be adding more details in the days and weeks to come. In the meantime - - - ENJOY!</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1008322418272546632.post-22931146641135359582013-02-07T17:34:00.000-08:002014-10-16T11:33:12.944-07:00Beyond Cogeneration and Trigeneration - What term to use?<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In the basic cycle, only about a third of the energy content of the fuel is utilized. The rest is thrown into the environment as waste. The chart below shows how the cycle apportions the energy content of the fuel.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0raMUQaDNoyoG5Y_W_hM0FqJrpFeHSXO3dUP_Z3p5qWHxjcwdgE7Nf79sMOPtcV8X4CqHxBDUFEGuv8rQpqIkWgiWDVPbr7fswQ8mc_fYMy9bAfWEf-9Y2fFUiA1o0blBCHHr5JxM6NcC/s1600/Energy-Allocation-Traditional-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="clear: left; color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0raMUQaDNoyoG5Y_W_hM0FqJrpFeHSXO3dUP_Z3p5qWHxjcwdgE7Nf79sMOPtcV8X4CqHxBDUFEGuv8rQpqIkWgiWDVPbr7fswQ8mc_fYMy9bAfWEf-9Y2fFUiA1o0blBCHHr5JxM6NcC/s640/Energy-Allocation-Traditional-large.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">Cogeneration</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This method of utilizing energy from the fuel is very popular. A prime-mover, usually, gas turbines generate electricity. Gas turbines are usually chosen because their exhaust gases carry a lot of energy. The waste heat carried by the exhaust gases is sent to a boiler to generate steam, which is then fed to a steam turbine to generate electricity.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This system is capable of much higher levels of efficiency when compared to a system operating under a basic cycle.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Trigeneration</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These systems produce three outputs, namely:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Electricity</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The US$65million project that I spearheaded operates along this technology.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There was one aspect of that project that advances the concept beyond "trigeneration." The schematic of the project is given below. The second stage of that project was conceived to incorporate the heating and drying of produce. </span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bidders for the project included big names in the energy sector, from Europe, Japan, Korea, and America.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The project was designed to burn very low-sulfur diesel fuel for the first five years, achieving an "overall thermal efficiency of 60%. At the proper time, it would shift to Natural Gas, to raise the overall thermal efficiency significantly.</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Beyond these . . . . Part 1</span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">Stage 2 would have been the PRIDE of Energy Engineering. </span></span></span></h4>
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<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">First: The condenser of the steam turbine was going to be removed, as this sub-system rejects high-enthalpy heat into the environment, as waste. </span></li>
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<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Second: Lithium-Bromide Absorption systems ("heat pumps") were to condense the steam. Unnecessary waste of energy is avoided. The absorption system uses the enthalpy of the steam as its energy source. Let us keep in mind that the energy from the steam would have been wasted into the environment! Now it is used as a FREE source of energy.</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Third: The heat rejected by the heat pumps would be channeled to another process to heat and dry produce, such as, fruit, vegetables, meat, and fish. Again all this energy would have been wasted into the environment. Now it is used to perform a function. This energy is also FREE!</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><i><u>(One side Note</u></i>: I say this energy is FREE, and it is! Whatever expenses are incurred are for building the infrastructure to recover this energy. These expenses are for systems that eventually pay for themselves. They have a "payback" and an "internal rate of return" [</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">IRR</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">]. In calculating the financial viability of this kind of investment, the variable input energy cost is ZERO. This cost would normally be a major cost item. The investment is now going to be recovered through a "capital recovery fee". The other elements of the fee structure will be negotiated with, and agreed upon with the end-user. After the loans are all paid off, everything that comes in will be "gravy"!)</span><br /><ul></ul>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Heat Pumps. </span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The improvement of the technology of heat pumps that use waste heat as their energy inputs has revolutionized the way an energy manager thinks. Suddenly, there is "opportunity" in systems that are already operating very efficiently. For example, a one-megawatt gas-turbine-generator set could now be designed and installed on top of a building. The GT-generator would supply electricity to the building. The waste heat from the GT would be used by a "Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller", which is a "heat pump" to supply the chilled-water requirements for the building's air-conditioning system. At the same time, it would be supplying steam to its laundry plant and to its kitchen. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Heat pumps are evaluated, somewhat differently from motors, engines, and power plants. We might talk about efficiency, but most of the time, we talk of COP, or coefficient of performance. Why is this so?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A heat pump "transfers energy" from one level to another. The technical measure is how much energy can a heat pump transfer if it is supplied with one unit of energy? Fortunately, the ratio of energy transferred to energy supplied is almost always higher than 1 in a mechanical system. Nowadays, mechanical heat pumps might even deliver a COP of 6!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This is where the beauty of the heat pump lies: with an input of 1 kilowatt-hours, it can transfer 6 kilowatt-hours of energy, for a COP of 6. Common systems that I saw had COP's of about 3.5. Let us use 3.5. If this mechanical heat pump is in an air-conditioning system of a building, 1 kWh removes 3.5 kWh of heat from the building and throws it as waste into the environment. Take note: this waste is 1 kWh PLUS 3.5 kWh = 4.5 kWh being thrown into the environment. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A mechanical heat pump still belongs to the traditional efficient system using electricity. As an Energy Manager myself, I stay away from this system in favor of another option.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Going back to what I said earlier about our Mechanical Engineering Dean in Engineering school, I always try to see things in perspective. In the example of the air-conditioning system above, I would use a Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller with a COP of 1.12. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Why use a system with a low COP (1.12) as against one with a COP of 3.5? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">My answer runs as follows:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The building needs electricity. Generate it, rather than buy it. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Now that we are generating electricity, we have a prime-mover that wastes energy into the environment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">GREAT OPPORTUNITY! Use this waste energy as the energy input into the Absorption Chiller. Even if it has a lower COP, the input is FREE! </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the case of the mechanical chiller, the cost of electricity will always be a factor, and as the forces of geopolitics change, so will the cost of electricity. In contrast, after the investment for the energy recovery system is recovered, the operating cost is no longer as tightly tied to external forces.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One might ask, what would the numbers be if you run them? </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">My answer: They are extremely GOOD!</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Look at it another way - the view of the VP for Finance.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">My "Income Statement" contains a row for Revenues and another row for Expenses.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Electricity costs for the operation of the mechanical chiller is on the Expense row. In some buildings, you might be talking about an expense of 40% of the electricity cost of the building.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The VP for Finance would be very happy with me if I removed from the expense stream a portion, say, 60% of the 40%, or 24%! Don't ask me, just yet, how I would operate the building without the 24%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He would exclaim "awesome!", if I told him that in doing so, I would add 84%, or more, to his revenue stream! A fellow executive colleague of mine, in the past, would say "caramba!", Tris, now you are really stretching it. No, no, no. This is real!</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Now my explanation:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">When I removed 24% from the expense stream, I removed the expense for the mechanical chiller. The cooling function of this system would be 24%*3.5(COP), or 84%. (Note that we are using 24%, which is the assumed value of the electricity cost for running this chiller. There is some simplification here, but I am interested in showing "trends".)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The cooling function that would have been supplied by the mechanical chiller will be provided by a Lithium-Bromide Absorption Chiller.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The capacity of this LiBr Chiller has to be 84%, also, in order to provide the cooling function. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If the COP of the LiBr chiller is 1.12, the amount of energy input that it needs is 84%/1.12, or 75%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Now, 75% will be coming from the exhaust of a GT-Generator. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Let us assume that 75% is 1/4 of what is available from the GT.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The total heat at the exhaust will therefore be 75%/(1/4), or 300%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If the efficiency of the GT is 30%, the 300% corresponds to (100%-30%), or 70% of the fuel input to the GT.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The minimum capacity of my GT-Generator would be 128% (TotalExhaustOf300% / GTWastageOf70% * EfficiencyOf30% = GT-GeneratorCapacity128%).</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">What am I saying now, in summary:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I will replace lighting and other electricity-consuming systems in the building to the extent of 128% (max), meaning I could operate my building independently of the grid. But I will not do that, although I could, because I have 128%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I will negotiate a contract with the power utility for me to feed my excess electricity back to the grid, and he would supply me electricity when I need it.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are many models here. Some are called "feed-in rate", some "net-metering", and others. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Some governments have passed legislation compelling power utilities to buy back excess electricity from cogeneration facilities. Some specify that the buy-back rate would be equivalent to what the utility would sell, if it were to put up its own power plant for that purpose. This is called the utility's "avoided cost".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Let us go back to the Revenue stream. If we are to displace Expense, and still perform the same function, don't we say we have "<span style="font-size: large;">SAVED</span>" something? If we have saved something, doesn't this logically belong to the Revenue stream, since the financial viability of the building has already allocated Revenues and Expenses, when a decision was made to construct it? And since we can even supply our lighting and other electrical needs from our own power plant, then more savings would be inputted into the Revenue stream.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If the Expense stream has been reduced, and the Revenue stream increased, the net effect on the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) should be good. Our VP Finance will say, Tris, this is a <span style="font-size: large;">GORGEOUS project! </span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">But the story does not end there.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">When we discussed COP above, we said that the Heat Pump will release energy to the extent of "input Energy" PLUS "Energy Transfered", or in the case of a LiBr chiller, this is 1.12 + 1, or 2.12</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Would it make sense to release 2.12 units of energy into the environment?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Of course, not! We should find use for this heat.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What about drying applications?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What about producing distilled water?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What about "space-heating" applications?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">What about combinations of these?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">And many more . . . . .</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN5C4TRq81D_dAZBk__GVGH_qbXaovu6wwdQTHom3R1baFvoB3BFt4qxVYcblKtDGb9YWvoxAwjip5ey9HQjHBOVuvQw-0sQYWp_c8Kti3T0pZuLtm8HPeISsHCFm3vVOj-TYD8jOODaPV/s1600/heat-pump-cop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN5C4TRq81D_dAZBk__GVGH_qbXaovu6wwdQTHom3R1baFvoB3BFt4qxVYcblKtDGb9YWvoxAwjip5ey9HQjHBOVuvQw-0sQYWp_c8Kti3T0pZuLtm8HPeISsHCFm3vVOj-TYD8jOODaPV/s640/heat-pump-cop.jpg" height="480" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A Heat Pump Schematic Diagram</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">"Energy Amplifiers" - Heat pumps are sometimes referred to as energy amplifiers. We have an energy input that enables us to move energy from one level to another - from a lower enthalpy state to a higher one. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">NOTE TO MYSELF: EDITING TO BE CONTINUED FROM HERE</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Working on fuel-based systems leave something to be desired. One must look to integrate fuel with renewable energy sources. I will provide schematics, below, to achieve this objective. </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The first one has a heavy concentration on fuel. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The second provides an "energy balance" for the first scheme. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The third one is the converse - a heavy concentration on renewable sources.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Please take note of the "energy balance". Our fuel input was 100 units of energy. The theoretical work that the overall system does is 288!</span><br />
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<em style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">This is right along the principles of Physics and Engineering. By combining one system with another, we develop a more desirable functional system. In this particular scheme, the amount of work is increased for the same amount fuel input, because we introduced a "heat pump" that took its fuel input from the waste energy of the GT. By its nature, a heat pump transfers energy from one level to another. In this scheme, we made it harvest energy from the environment to bring it into the system to do work there. Since our heat pump takes in (harvests) energy from the environment, the whole system is an "open" NOT an "enclosed" one. </em></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>If I can get more work from a system than my input fuel could give me, then it must be a project worth pursuing. And that is why we pursued the US$65-million cogeneration facility, with a view of adding more energy-efficient features at its second stage.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Beyond these . . . . Part 3</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The diagram above starts with fuel, then produces electricity, chilling, freezing, heating/drying. At the very end of the process, the system produces distilled water. At the same time, the system also integrates "Renewable Energy Resources". </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgid-BOP3t775zCZcIry-SkdUZ_xvfrwmrZCNaPkWxljm-JNIbaEKjBufu7_NK_Vzntxua3ypKNqnPieYnG_-F61zUiMquHDIv1dTUpkxZKWIyD7tuu6bUs2DZaj3F6zKj7jyKW8qXhYoQO/s1600/energy-decentralized.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgid-BOP3t775zCZcIry-SkdUZ_xvfrwmrZCNaPkWxljm-JNIbaEKjBufu7_NK_Vzntxua3ypKNqnPieYnG_-F61zUiMquHDIv1dTUpkxZKWIyD7tuu6bUs2DZaj3F6zKj7jyKW8qXhYoQO/s1600/energy-decentralized.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The diagram above is a "heat balance" for a desirable configuration. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgid-BOP3t775zCZcIry-SkdUZ_xvfrwmrZCNaPkWxljm-JNIbaEKjBufu7_NK_Vzntxua3ypKNqnPieYnG_-F61zUiMquHDIv1dTUpkxZKWIyD7tuu6bUs2DZaj3F6zKj7jyKW8qXhYoQO/s1600/energy-decentralized.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgid-BOP3t775zCZcIry-SkdUZ_xvfrwmrZCNaPkWxljm-JNIbaEKjBufu7_NK_Vzntxua3ypKNqnPieYnG_-F61zUiMquHDIv1dTUpkxZKWIyD7tuu6bUs2DZaj3F6zKj7jyKW8qXhYoQO/s640/energy-decentralized.png" height="340" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The configuration above is for an "off-grid" or "decentralized energy system" (DES), consisting of a predominantly renewable energy resource base.</span> <span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
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